O objetivo deste artigo é compreender a ação da escola na qual se faz necessária a formação de lideranças que pressupõe a luta pela democratização da educação. Estas lideranças irão desempenhar funções diversificadas na sociedade, como afirma Gramsci, intelectuais, contribuindo para transformar uma concepção de mundo, de forma a assegurar a hegemonia social e o domínio estatal da classe que representam. The aim if this paper is to understand the action of the school that is required in leadership training that (...) involves the struggle for democratization of education. These leaders will play diverse roles in society, as Gramsci says, intellectuals, helping to transform a world view in order to ensure the social hegemony and dominance of the state class they represent. (shrink)

Resumo: O presente artigo tem o objetivo de tecer algumas considerações sobre as concepções de mundo que formam nosso imaginário a partir de uma leitura de Freud e de Benjamin. Este aporte teórico permite entender a dimensão ideológica de ideias e preconceitos que sedimentam o senso comum e que consolidam relações de dependência. A educação, entendida como processo de formação que acontece na vida, se alimenta da filosofia mesmo inconscientemente e as relações sociais e políticas orientam a formação da subjetividade (...) individual. Benjamin explicita estas relações ao analisar as imagens oníricas cotejando os conceitos de sonho e despertar com o objetivo de mostrar a importância de conhecer o passado e elaborar uma história materialista da cultura, como tarefa básica para pensar o futuro.Palavras chaves: Educação. Filosofia. Imagens oníricas. Ideologia. Education and philosophy: a reading from Freud and Benjamin: This article aims to weave some considerations about the conceptions of the world that form our imaginary from a reading of Freud and Benjamin. This theoretical contribution allows us to understand the ideological dimension of ideas and prejudices that sediment common sense and consolidate relationships of dependence. Education, understood as a process of formation that happens in life, feeds on philosophy even unconsciously, and social and political relations guide the formation of individual subjectivity. Benjamin explains these relationships by analyzing the dream-images by comparing the concepts of dream and awakening with the purpose of showing the importance of knowing the past to elaborate a materialistic history of culture as a basic task to think about the future.Key words: Education. Philosophy. Dream images. Ideology. Educazione e filosofia: una lettura di Freud e Benjamin Riassunto: Questo articolo ha l’obiettivo di fare alcune riflessioni sulle concezioni del mondo che formano il nostro immaginario da una lettura di Freud e Benjamin. Questa base teorica ci consente di comprendere la dimensione ideologica delle idee e dei pregiudizi che basano il senso comune e rinsaldano le relazioni di dipendenza. L'istruzione, intesa come un processo di formazione che accade nella vita, si nutre anche inconsciamente della filosofia e le relazioni sociali e politiche guidano la formazione della soggettività individuale. Benjamin spiega queste relazioni analizzando le immagini dei sogni riunendo i concetti di sogno e risveglio al fine di dimostrare l'importanza di conoscere il passato ed elaborare una storia materialista della cultura, come compito fondamentale per pensare al futuro.Parole chiave: Educazione. Filosofia. Immagini dei sogni. Ideologia. Data de registro: 09/09/2019 Data de aceite: 16/06/2020. (shrink)

Este artigo procura salientar elementos gerais do pensamento de Walter Benjamin, a partir critérios de abordagem da realidade política e histórica, direcionados pelo conceito de imagem dialética, que renova o significado da dialética como abordagem teórico-metodológica do materialismo histórico. Todo o percurso se fundamenta nos Arquivos K e N de Das Passagen-Werk, obra constituída de apontamentos e materiais selecionados para uma futura obra sobre Baudelaire. Tem-se uma retomada de conceitos de Marx, como o fetichismo da mercadoria e o sentido de (...) história, contraposto a uma experiência linear do tempo, característica do historicismo de matriz Socialdemocrata. Coloca-se para Benjamin a necessidade de romper com as noções de determinismo e causalidade como o ponto fixo que delimitava a leitura contínua da história, para instaurar uma nova metodologia capaz de reconhecer as correspondências entre o ocorrido e o agora. (shrink)

Background: Nurses encounter complex ethical dilemmas in everyday nursing care. It is important for nurses to have moral courage to act in these situations which threaten patients’ safety or their good care. However, there is lack of research of moral courage. Purpose: This study describes nurses’ experiences of care situations demanding moral courage and their actions in these situations. Method: A qualitative descriptive research design was applied. The data were collected with an open-ended question in the questionnaire used in validation (...) of the Nurses’ Moral Courage Scale. The sample consisted of 286 nurses from four different clinical fields in a major university hospital in Finland, providing a total of 611 answers. Data were analyzed using inductive content analysis. Ethical considerations: The study followed the commonly recognized principles of good scientific practice. The use of data was authorized by the developer of the instrument, the data collector, and the participating hospital. Ethical approval was obtained from the university ethics committee. Findings: Nurses acted morally courageously in most situations but sometimes they failed to do so. Although situations demanding moral courage varied, they could be categorized into seven main domains relating to colleagues, physicians, patients, relatives, nurses themselves, managers, and organizations. Nurses acted in the situations in different ways. The main acts in solving the situations were verbal communication or immediate action, such as interrupting of action. Conclusion: Care situations demanding moral courage focus on good and safe patient care and the patient’s good is at the center of attention. The situations are mostly related to the activities of other healthcare professionals. Findings may be applied in developing ethical nursing care through basic and continuing nursing education. Research is needed on the moral courage of physicians and managers, as well as on patients’ and their relatives’ experiences of care situations demanding moral courage. (shrink)

Background: Nurse managers have responsibilities relating to the quality of care, the welfare of the staff and running of the organization. Ethics plays significant role in these responsibilities. Ethical problems are part of daily management, but research in this area is limited. Objective: The aim of this study was to identify and describe ethical problems nurse managers encounter in their work to get more detailed and extensive view of these problems. Methods: The data consisted of nine interviews with nurse managers (...) at different management levels in primary healthcare and specialized healthcare organizations, and it was analysed by inductive content analysis. Ethical considerations: Permission to conduct the interviews including ethical approval was given at all participating organizations according to national standards. The respondents were informed about the aim of the study, and voluntary participation, anonymous response and confidentiality were explained to them. Findings: Four main categories were found: conflicts in practical situations, lack of appreciation, disregard of problems and experienced inadequacy. Problems could also be divided to patient-related, staff-related, organization-related and other problems. Discussion: The findings correspond with results from earlier studies but add knowledge of the nature and details of nurse managers’ ethical problems. New information is produced related to the ethical problems with nurse managers’ own courage, motivation and values. Conclusion: Nurse managers identified a variety of different ethical problems in their work. This information is useful in the development of ethics in nursing management. Further research about the frequency and intensity of nurse managers’ ethical problems is needed as well as possible differences in different levels of management. (shrink)

This article continues the line of research that combines the paradigm of Critical Discourse Analysis with quantitative methods. We propose that Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count, a software for automated text analysis widely used in social sciences, can enrich the CDA toolkit. The methodological advantage of LIWC is that its semantic categorization was developed and validated independently, which addresses the concerns about subjectivity. In two case studies we use LIWC to analyze the construction and representation of the ‘Other’ in mass (...) media. Study 1 focuses on the representation of Russia in The New York Times before and after its annexation of Crimea; Study 2 analyzes the change in sentiment toward Islam in NYT before and after 9/11. We find that in both cases the change in attitude is driven by an increase in negative emotion words rather than by a decrease in positive words. (shrink)

RESUMO O objetivo deste artigo é analisar e avaliar um conjunto de textos aqui denominados textos-moldura presentes nas obras de Bakhtin e do Círculo traduzidas no Brasil desde 1979, com vistas a traçar um panorama nacional crítico do contexto de recepção da obra bakhtiniana e evidenciar algumas de suas especificidades, indiciadas nos diálogos que empreendem com os aspectos sociais, históricos e culturais. Pretende-se, ainda, contribuir para o aprofundamento dos estudos dialógicos e sua incontestável dimensão interdisciplinar. Além da perspectiva dialógica, as (...) reflexões apoiam-se, também, em teorias da tradução, caso específico da que discute a “relação entre um texto de partida e um contexto de chegada”, ou ainda “um modo de ler um texto em dado contexto”. Parte de uma pesquisa maior, os resultados aqui apresentados dizem respeito unicamente a uma das obras do Círculo: Marxismo e filosofia da linguagem. Problemas fundamentais do método sociológico na Ciência da linguagem e suas duas traduções brasileiras. ABSTRACT This article aims to analyze and evaluate a number of texts called frame-texts found in the works of Bakhtin and the Circle, which have been translated in Brazil since 1979. Our objective is to offer a critical overview of the context of the reception of their work nationwide and highlight some of its specific features, apprehended in the dialogues established with social, historical and cultural aspects. We also intend to contribute to deepening the dialogical studies and its undeniable interdisciplinary dimension. In addition to the dialogic perspective, these reflections rely on theories of translation, especially those that discuss the “relationship between a text and its context of reception” or “a certain way of reading a text in a given context.” This discussion is part of a larger research study, and the results presented herein are related to one of the works of the Circle, namely, Marxism and the Philosophy of Language and its two translations into Brazilian Portuguese. (shrink)

Education for Total Liberation is a collection of essays from leaders in the field of critical animal pedagogy (CAP). CAP emerges from activist educators teaching critical animal studies and is rooted in critical theory as well as the animal advocacy movement. Critical animal studies (CAS) argues for an interdisciplinary approach to understanding our relationships with nonhuman animals. CAS challenges two specific fields of theory: (1) animal studies, rooted in vivisection and testing on animals in the hard sciences and (2) human-animal (...) studies, which reinforces a socially constructed binary between humans and animals and adopts abstract theoretical approaches. In contrast, CAS takes a progressive and committed approach to scholarship and sees the exploitation of nonhuman animals as interrelated with oppression of humans based on class, gender, race, ability, sexuality, age, and citizenship. CAS promotes the liberation of all animals and challenges all systems of domination. Education for Total Liberation is appropriate for undergraduate and graduate level readers (and beyond) who wish to learn from examples of radical pedagogical projects shaped by CAS and critical pedagogy. Contributing to this collection are Anne C. Bell, Anita de Melo, Carolyn Drew, Amber E. George, Karin Gunnarsson Dinker, Sinem Ketenci, John Lupinacci, Anthony J. Nocella II, Sean Parson, Helena Pedersen, Ian Purdy, Constance L. Russell, J.L. Schatz, Meneka Repka, William E. Shanahan III, and Richard J, White. (shrink)

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has magnified pre-existing challenges in healthcare in Africa. Long-standing health inequities, embedded in the continent over centuries, have been laid bare and have raised complex ethical dilemmas. While there are very few clinical ethics committees (CECs) in Africa, the demand for such services exists and has increased during the COVID-19 pandemic. The views of African healthcare professionals or bioethicists on the role of CECs in Africa have not been explored or documented previously. In this study, we aim (...) to explore such perspectives, as well as the challenges preventing the establishment of CECs in Africa.MethodsTwenty healthcare professionals and bioethicists from Africa participated in this qualitative study that utilized in-depth semi-structured interviews with open-ended questions. Themes were identified through thematic analysis of interviews and open-ended responses.ResultsKenya and South Africa are the only countries on the continent with formal established CECs. The following themes emerged from this qualitative study: (1) Lack of formal CECs and resolution of ethical dilemmas; (2) Role of CECs during COVID-19; (3) Ethical dilemmas presented to CECs pre-COVID-19; (4) Lack of awareness of CECs; (5) Lack of qualified bioethicists or clinical ethicists; (6) Limited resources to establish CECs; (7) Creating interest in CECs and networking.ConclusionsThis study illustrates the importance of clinical ethics education among African HCPs and bioethicists, more so now when COVID-19 has posed a host of clinical and ethical challenges to public and private healthcare systems. The challenges and barriers identified will inform the establishment of CECs or clinical ethics consultation services (CESs) in the region. The study results have triggered an idea for the creation of a network of African CECs. (shrink)

Result of a conference, "Sociobiology: implications for human studies", held at San Francisco State University on June 14-15, 1977. Includes index. Bibliography: p. 295-316.

O tema geral do presente artigo trata da antropologia histórica encontrada em “The Authoritarian Personality” e fundamentada em “Dialética do Esclarecimento”. Especificamente, abordaremos a conceituação que compreende as movimentações pulsionais enquanto natureza interna, fundamento da concepção da antropologia aqui debatida. Com isso, ao falarmos de antropologia e de natureza, não estamos nos referindo a concepções imutáveis e “biologizantes”, mas a noções históricas e contextuais. Para tanto, iremos nos voltar à “Ideia de história natural” adorniana, precisamente à dialética entre história e (...) natureza. No texto, Adorno trata de dois movimentos de tal dialética: uma concepção de Lukács, para quem elementos da história se tornam naturalizados enquanto segundo natureza, o que pode ser exemplificado com o esquematismo hollywoodiano promovido pela indústria cultural; o segundo movimento, sob influência de Walter Benjamin, trata da transitoriedade histórica da natureza, quando resquícios arcaicos reprimidos pelo sentido histórico dominante ressurgem, tornando-se possibilidade de outra orientação histórica. Este debate se mostra importante justamente porque se encontra no cerne da relação entre economia-política/sociologia e psicanálise, os domínios teóricos mais relevantes para a primeira geração da Teoria Crítica. Por mais que pensemos que há uma antropologia implícita para Horkheimer e Adorno – que enxergariam o ser humano enquanto naturalmente agressivo e destruidor –, o nosso intuito é mostrar que, se a antropologia e a natureza são históricas, o ser humano age a partir da pulsão de morte justamente porque o meio social que o forma é ele mesmo dominador, violento, reificado e alienante. (shrink)

The paper investigates semantic properties of expressions that suggest the possibility that emotions are shared. An example is the saying that a sorrow shared is a sorrow halved. I assume that such expressions on sharing an emotion refer to a specific mode of subjective experience, displayed in first person attributions of the form 'We share E'. Subjective attributions of this form are intrinsically ambiguous on all levels of their semantic elements: 'emotion', 'sharing' and 'We'. One question the paper seeks to (...) answer is whether and in what respect these semantic ambiguities mirror an indeterminacy of emotional experience. Discussing 'aggregate sharing' (of a determinate) in distinction of mere 'distributive sharing' (of a determinable), I argue that there is no sufficient criterion to determine which mode of sharing an emotional experience shaped as 'We feel E' displays. Disambiguation of this intrinsic indeterminacy must recur to situational parameters of individuals' de re relatedness. (shrink)

The American Journal of Bioethics, Volume 11, Issue 8, Page 33-35, August 2011.

O artigo tem por objetivo examinar a relação intrínseca entre o teatro e a filosofia a partir do estudo do verbo théorein, revelador de instigantes elementos constitutivos da arte dramática e da maestria especulativa. Cuida-se de um aprendizado do olhar que, no teatro e na filosofia, irá encontrar as condições propícias para o seu pleno exercício nas manifestações artísticas e filosóficas do século V a.C. em Atenas. A invenção do olhar representa um traço peculiar e profícuo da cultura grega, que (...) escreverá uma história artística e filosófica paradigmática para a civilização ocidental. Analisa a querela suscitada com a expulsão dos poetas e tragediógrafos da República de Platão. Destaca-se a importância da interdisciplinaridade como apreensão do humano e desenvolvimento de uma consciência crítica dos problemas artísticos e filosóficos. (shrink)

Normal 0 21 false false false MicrosoftInternetExplorer4 Partindo do dito popular “manda quem pode, obedece quem tem juízo” o presente artigo tem como objetivo defender a tese de que o Estado hobbesiano sustenta-se tanto pela força quanto pela razáo. Dentro desta perspectiva, será analisada a noçáo de desobediência e, ao final, mostrar-se-á que o adágio referido só pode ser tido como verdadeiro de acordo com a filosofia política de Thomas Hobbes após feitas certas ressalvas.

I put equality at the center of John Stuart Mill's practical philosophy. His principle of "perfect equality" embodies a substantive relational ideal, which I call "equality as reciprocity." This ideal requires removing injustices due to domination and subjection in human associations, including the family. Justice grounded on perfect equality must be the basis of personal, social, and political life, because the moral sentiments, chief among human beings' "higher" faculties, find adequate channels only under equality. Genuine happiness, which involves the exercise (...) and development of these faculties, is open only to those who relate as equals. Thus, on my account, equality as reciprocity adds substance to Mill's liberalism. ;In The Subjection of Women, Mill appealed to his view of human progress to argue for perfect equality. He maintained that this ideal is not appropriate for all times, but required for human improvement and a part of everyone's good under conditions of "modernity." Modern democratic cultures embrace such "progressive" human interests as equal justice, sympathy, and cooperation. Replacing the archaic command and obedience ethic with the nonhierarchical pattern of reciprocity would bring out human beings' "true virtue": living as equals. Inequality, and the exercise of unjust power generally, corrupts everyone's moral character and thwarts human flourishing. All other things equal, egalitarian relations are a critical part of anyone's autonomously chosen plan of life. Given human sociability, any other choice would impoverish a person's life. ;It is clear from Mill's argument for perfect equality that Mill was not a classical utilitarian. He conceived of utility broadly, as concerning progressive human interests, and argued for educating the "moral part" of human nature through just institutions and social practices. He believed that strengthening equal justice, the chief moral sentiment, is a central requirement of utility, because of the importance of other-regarding sentiments to a good human life. Thus, on my account, Mill's "enlarged" account of utility supports his substantive egalitarianism. His defense of perfect equality is utilitarian only in his idiosyncratic sense. (shrink)

Celem niniejszego artykułu jest przedstawienie psychologicznego portretu kobiety końca dziewiętnastego wieku, mistrzowsko uchwyconego w opowiadaniach Arthura Schnitzlera: Die Braut, Fräulein Else i Die griechische Tänzerin. Artykuł odwołuje się do interpretacji filozoficznych, w których dominuje dualistyczny opis nawiązujący do problemu umysłu i ciała rozważanego na gruncie Freudowskiej psychoanalizy. Z jednej strony kobieta jest tu charakteryzowana jako indywiduum determinowane napięciem między psyche a somą, z drugiej zaś strony jako jednostka funkcjonująca w społeczeństwie zdominowanym przez mężczyzn.

Anthropologists often have fieldwork experiences that are not explicitly analysed in their writings, though they nevertheless contribute to and shape their ethnographic understandings, and can resonate throughout their work for many years. The task of this volume is precisely to uncover these layers of anthropological knowledge-making. Contributors take on the challenge of reconstructing the ways in which they originally entered the worlds of research subjects - their anthropological Others - by focusing on pre-textual and deeply phenomenological processes of perceiving, noting, (...) listening and sensing. Drawing on a wide range of research experiences - with the Dogon in Mali, immigrant football players in Spain, the Inuit of the Far North, Filipino transnational families, miners in Poland and students in Scotland - this book goes beyond an exploration of the development of increased ethnographic sensitivity towards words or actions. It also commences the foundational project of developing a new language for building anthropological works, one stemming from recurring acts of participation, and rooted primarily in the pre-textual worlds of the tacit, often non-visible, and intense experiences that exceed the limitations of conventional textual accounts. (shrink)

O objetivo deste artigo é fazer uma releitura do Projeto para uma psicologia científica de Freud a partir não só do conceito de pulsão de morte, mas principalmente de pulsão de vida. Para tanto, iremos nos ater a uma interpretação do psicanalista Hans Loewald sobre a concepção de pulsão de vida, principalmente no que se refere à relação entre Eros, desenvolvimento cognitivo e ao papel da mãe na inserção do bebê na moralidade e na realidade no período pré-edípico. A pulsão (...) de vida seria concebida ainda como outro princípio do prazer possível, para além do de constância. Em última instância, a possibilidade de leitura que delineia a presença da pulsão de vida no Projeto vinculada à função materna segue em complemento à releitura feminista da psicanálise freudiana empreendida por Joel Whitebook em seus trabalhos mais recentes, também largamente baseados na teoria de Loewald. (shrink)

Dando continuidade à Pesquisa sobre a Sociologia no Ensino Médio no Rio Grande do Sul, examinou­se o processo de escolha do livro didático de sociologia nas escolas públicas de Porto Alegre, pois a disciplina só veio a ser contemplada pelo Ministério de Educação e Cultura ­ MEC, no Programa Nacional do Livro Didático – PNLD a partir de 2011. Essa escolha gerou uma interessante investigação do ponto de vista sociológico, pois possibilita pensar a vigilância epistemológica sobre nossos próprios pares, sociólogos/professores, (...) em sua prática de ensino. Como metodologia optou­se analisar documentos normativos do PNLD e realizar entrevistas com os atores envolvidos no processo: professores, coordenadores e supervisores pedagógicos. As escolas pesquisadas foram sorteadas aleatoriamente a fim de evitar­se uma escolha intencional. O sorteio se deu por macrozonas de modo a contemplar todos os bairros de Porto Alegre, abrangendo uma amostra de 30% do total de escolas de ensino médio existentes no município. Assim, não foi privilegiado nenhum bairro (centro ou periferia) garantindo­se um painel amplo e diverso sobre a situação pesquisada. Utilizou­se o método de triangulação: análise dos documentos normativos oficiais do MEC e das entrevistas com professores e orientadores pedagógicos. Ao interpretar as entrevistas e comparar os dados obtidos com as orientações do MEC, obteve­se um rico quadro da situação da escolha do livro didático de sociologia nas escolas de Porto Alegre. (shrink)

Les remarques de Bolzano sur les couleurs n’ont pas fait l’objet de recherches jusqu’à présent. Le but de cet article est de montrer que ses investigations sur les couleurs constituent une contribution intéressante à la théorie de la connaissance du XIXe siècle. Selon Bolzano, les couleurs sont des qualités secondes ainsi que des propriétés physiques et, par conséquent, elles sont des quantités mesurables. Il soutient que la perception des couleurs est réglée par des lois empiriques et il argumente que les (...) couleurs que nous voyons sont déterminables par des concepts de grandeur. (shrink)